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  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></div> <!----></nav>  <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><div class="sidebar-group first"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>计算机体系结构概念辨析</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_1-计算机组成原理、计算机体系结构" class="sidebar-link">1.计算机组成原理、计算机体系结构</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_2-32-64位机器、32-64位操作系统" class="sidebar-link">2.32/64位机器、32/64位操作系统</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_3-内核的多重含义、操作系统的多重含义" class="sidebar-link">3.内核的多重含义、操作系统的多重含义</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_4-移植性和兼容性" class="sidebar-link">4.移植性和兼容性</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_5-模式、范式" class="sidebar-link">5.模式、范式</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_6-网卡" class="sidebar-link">6.网卡</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_7-网络硬件" class="sidebar-link">7.网络硬件</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_8-驱动程序" class="sidebar-link">8.驱动程序</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_9-区别processor和microprocessor" class="sidebar-link">9.区别processor和microprocessor</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_10-流水线" class="sidebar-link">10.流水线</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_11-关于通道" class="sidebar-link">11.关于通道</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_12-cpu和gpu到底有什么区别？" class="sidebar-link">12.CPU和GPU到底有什么区别？</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_13-wi-fi的2-4g和5g频段有什么区别？" class="sidebar-link">13.Wi-Fi的2.4G和5G频段有什么区别？</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_14-dma方式" class="sidebar-link">14.DMA方式</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#_15-指令集架构" class="sidebar-link">15.指令集架构</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/02.Hardware/Part01.%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%BE%A8%E6%9E%90.html#指令集的分类" class="sidebar-link">指令集的分类</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <div class="page"> <div class="content"><h1 id="计算机体系结构概念辨析"><a href="#计算机体系结构概念辨析" class="header-anchor">#</a> 计算机体系结构概念辨析</h1> <div class="language-txt line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>&lt;font style=&quot;background:yellow&quot;&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_1-计算机组成原理、计算机体系结构"><a href="#_1-计算机组成原理、计算机体系结构" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.计算机组成原理、计算机体系结构</h2> <p>【自低向上】：计算机体系结构 &lt; 计算机组成原理 &lt; 微机原理（及接口技术）
【理论化程度】：计算机体系结构 &gt; 计算机组成原理 &gt; 微机原理（及接口技术）</p> <blockquote><p>知乎：<a href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/19954019" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">链接<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></p></blockquote> <p>计算机体系结构是计算机科学与技术专业的核心课程之一，与计算机组成原理、微型计算技术课程等课程彼此交叉重复，但各有侧重，彼此相互补充、相互辅助。</p> <ul><li>1.计算机体系结构重点论述计算机系统的各种基本结构、设计技术和性能分析方法。(在设计方面：体系结构研究领域是**==CPU级==**的,包括指令如何发送送、流水线设计、指令级并行。)</li> <li>2.计算机组成原理侧重讨论计算机基本部件的构成和组成方式，基本运算的操作原理和单元的设计思想、操作方式及其实现；</li> <li>3.微型计算机技术则突出应用，详细讲述微处理器芯片、计算机主版、接口技术和应用编成方法。</li></ul> <h2 id="_2-32-64位机器、32-64位操作系统"><a href="#_2-32-64位机器、32-64位操作系统" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.32/64位机器、32/64位操作系统</h2> <ul><li><p>32/64位机器：指的是，CPU位数</p></li> <li><p>32/64位操作系统：指的是软件</p></li></ul> <h2 id="_3-内核的多重含义、操作系统的多重含义"><a href="#_3-内核的多重含义、操作系统的多重含义" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.内核的多重含义、操作系统的多重含义</h2> <ul><li>说法1—从<strong>严格意义</strong>上说：可将<strong>操作系统</strong>定义为一种软件，它控制『计算机硬件资源』，提供程序运行环境，我们通常<strong>将这种软件称为内核</strong>（kernel）<font style="background:yellow;">笔者其实倾向于这种</font></li> <li>说法2—从<strong>广义</strong>上来说：操作系统包括了内核和一些其他软件，这些其他软件包括（系统实用程序、应用程序、shell以及公用函数库等）<font style="background:yellow;">国内的主流教材常常选择这个</font></li></ul> <div class="language-txt line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>例如，Linux是GNU操作系统使用的内核
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><ul><li>参考：《Unix环境高级编程》第3版，P1</li></ul> <h2 id="_4-移植性和兼容性"><a href="#_4-移植性和兼容性" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4.移植性和兼容性</h2> <p>C语言程序能够在不同的操作系统下运行，这说明C语言具有很好的：移植性</p> <ul><li>在<strong>硬件</strong>系统中用的是<strong>兼容性</strong></li> <li>在<strong>软件</strong>系统中用的是<strong>移植性</strong>，涉及到专业术语的不同。</li></ul> <h2 id="_5-模式、范式"><a href="#_5-模式、范式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 5.模式、范式</h2> <h2 id="_6-网卡"><a href="#_6-网卡" class="header-anchor">#</a> 6.网卡</h2> <blockquote><p>参考：维基百科</p></blockquote> <ul><li>网络接口控制器（英语：network interface controller，NIC），又称网络接口控制器，网络适配器（network adapter），<strong>网卡</strong>（network interface card），或局域网接收器（LAN adapter），是一块被设计用来允许计算机在计算机网络上进行通讯的计算机硬件。</li> <li>由于其拥有MAC地址，因此属于OSI模型的第2层。它使得用户可以通过电缆或无线相互连接。每一个网卡都有一个被称为MAC地址的独一无二的48位串行号，它被写在卡上的一块ROM中。</li> <li>网卡以前是作为扩展卡插到计算机总线上的，但是由于其价格低廉而且以太网标准普遍存在，大部分新的计算机都在主板上集成了网络接口。
除非需要多接口，否则不再需要一块独立的网卡。甚至更新的主板可能含有内置的双网络（以太网）接口。</li></ul> <p><strong>技术</strong>
网卡使用一个特定的物理层和数据链路层标准，例如以太网或令牌环来实现通讯所需要的电路系统。这为一个完整的网络协议栈提供基础，使同一局域网中的小型计算机组以及通过路由协议连接的广域网，例如IP，都能够进行通讯。
有四种技术被用来传送数据，网络接口控制器可能使用其中的一种或多种。</p> <ul><li>轮询，即微处理器在程序控制下检查周边设备的状态。</li> <li>过程化I/O，即微处理器通过将地址送到系统地址总线上来通知制定的周边设备。</li> <li>中断驱动I/O，即当周边设备准备好传送数据时通知微处理器。</li> <li>DMA，即智能周边设备通过控制系统总线来直接访问内存。这种方法减轻CPU的负荷，但是需要网卡上拥有一个独立的处理器。</li></ul> <p>一块网卡通常配有一个双绞线、光纤、BNC、AUI、HomePNA接口，其中后三者在现今已较少见，光纤则多用于服务器。网络电缆通过这些接口与网卡连接。网卡上还有一些LED用来告诉用户网络是否正在工作，以及是否有数据正在传输。网卡通常可达到10/100/1000 Mbps（Mbit/s）。这意味着它们能够支持10、100或1000兆比特每秒的传输速率。</p> <p><strong>网卡的基本功能：</strong></p> <ul><li>1、网卡实现工作站与局域网传输介质之间的物理连接和电信号匹配，接收和执行工作站与服务器送来的各种控制命令，完成物理层的功能。</li> <li>2、网卡实现局域网数据链路层的一部分功能，包括网络存取控制，信息帧的发送与接收，差错校验，串并代码转换等。</li> <li>3、网卡实现无盘工作站的复位及引导。</li> <li>4、网卡提供『数据缓存』能力。</li> <li>5、网卡还能实现某些接口功能。</li></ul> <h2 id="_7-网络硬件"><a href="#_7-网络硬件" class="header-anchor">#</a> 7.网络硬件</h2> <ul><li>当两种相同类型但又使用不同通信协议的网络进行互联时，就需要使用『路由器』
<ul><li>不同通信协议至少在网络层才能兼容 ，『中继器、集线器』是物理层、『 网桥』是数据链路层</li></ul></li> <li><strong>路由器</strong>和<strong>网关</strong>都可以连接<strong>不同的网络</strong>，<strong>网桥</strong>、<strong>中继器</strong>只能连接两个<strong>相同的网络</strong></li> <li><strong>交换机</strong>处于数据链路层。因此可以识别mac地址,交换机为二层设备，识别MAC地址</li></ul> <h2 id="_8-驱动程序"><a href="#_8-驱动程序" class="header-anchor">#</a> 8.驱动程序</h2> <h2 id="_9-区别processor和microprocessor"><a href="#_9-区别processor和microprocessor" class="header-anchor">#</a> 9.区别processor和microprocessor</h2> <ul><li>The Sea Change：The Switch from Uniprocess to Multiprocess「从单处理器向多处理器转变」</li></ul> <p>在2006年，所有桌面和服务器公司都在「单边」微处理器中加入了多个「处理器」，以求更大的吞吐率</p> <ul><li>为了减少processor和<font style="background:yellow;">microprocessor（微处理器）</font>这2个词语之间的混淆，<font style="background:yellow;"><strong>一些公司</strong>将processor作为“cores”的代称</font>，这样microprocessor就是多核处理器了。
<ul><li>所以，一个“四核”微处理器是一个包含了4个<font style="background:pink;">processor</font>或者4个<font style="background:pink;">core</font>的芯片</li></ul></li></ul> <blockquote><p>参考：《计算机组成与设计》软硬件接口，第5版，P29</p></blockquote> <ul><li>I think:我认为，这是因为这是特定时期才这么说：但是，其实microprocessor在以前表示的是「单核微处理器」，只是现在（2021）处理器已经很<strong>普及</strong>多核了，所以，microprocessor表示的是「多核微处理器」</li></ul> <h2 id="_10-流水线"><a href="#_10-流水线" class="header-anchor">#</a> 10.流水线</h2> <p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/HACV/picture/img/20210924164707.png" alt="910541758_1560989220715_1A6151CD82E5FEE7EABE550509043183"></p> <h2 id="_11-关于通道"><a href="#_11-关于通道" class="header-anchor">#</a> 11.关于通道</h2> <ul><li>通道是一种特殊的处理机，具有<strong>执行I/O指令集</strong>能力。</li></ul> <blockquote><p>参考：<a href="https://www.nowcoder.com/test/question/done?tid=48090870&qid=24033#summary" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">牛客<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></p></blockquote> <h3 id="_12-cpu和gpu到底有什么区别？"><a href="#_12-cpu和gpu到底有什么区别？" class="header-anchor">#</a> 12.CPU和GPU到底有什么区别？</h3> <ul><li>参考资料：啃芝士，<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhPbVSsUkhs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CPU和GPU到底有什么区别<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>？
<ul><li>图片做得一目了然</li></ul></li></ul> <h3 id="_13-wi-fi的2-4g和5g频段有什么区别？"><a href="#_13-wi-fi的2-4g和5g频段有什么区别？" class="header-anchor">#</a> 13.Wi-Fi的2.4G和5G频段有什么区别？</h3> <ul><li>参考资料：啃芝士，<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzJbRzoKAYU" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wi-Fi的2.4G和5G频段有什么区别<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>？</li></ul> <h2 id="_14-dma方式"><a href="#_14-dma方式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 14.DMA方式</h2> <ul><li><strong>D</strong>irect <strong>M</strong>emory <strong>A</strong>ccess，直接内存访问。一种内存访问技术，磁盘设备I/O的控制主要方式。它允许某些计算机计算机外设，可以独立地直接读写系统内存，而不需CPU介入处理。</li> <li>在同等程度的处理器负担下，DMA是一种快速的数据传送方式。很多硬件的系统会使用DMA，包含硬盘控制器、绘图显卡、**==网卡==**和声卡。</li> <li>磁盘设备的I/O 控制主要采取DMA方式</li> <li>参考资料：<a href="https://www.nowcoder.com/test/question/done?tid=48718669&qid=93585#summary" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">牛客网<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul> <h2 id="_15-指令集架构"><a href="#_15-指令集架构" class="header-anchor">#</a> 15.指令集架构</h2> <ul><li><strong>指令集架构</strong>（英语：Instruction Set Architecture，缩写为ISA），又称<strong>指令集</strong>或<strong>指令集体系</strong> <ul><li>是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">计算机体系结构<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>中与<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">程序设计<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>有关的部分，包含了<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%A5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">基本数据类型<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>，指令集，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E5%AD%98%E5%99%A8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">寄存器<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BB%E5%9D%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">寻址模式<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">存储体系<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B7" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">中断<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>，<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">异常处理<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>以及外部<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">I/O<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>。指令集架构包含一系列的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opcode&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">opcode<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>即操作码（<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">机器语言<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a>），以及由特定处理器执行的基本命令。</li></ul></li></ul> <blockquote><p>维基百科：<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E9%9B%86%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">指令集架构<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></p></blockquote> <h3 id="指令集的分类"><a href="#指令集的分类" class="header-anchor">#</a> 指令集的分类</h3> <ul><li>复杂指令集</li> <li>精简指令集</li> <li>最小指令集计算机</li> <li>单指令集计算机</li></ul></div> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----></div> <!----> </div> <!----></div></div>
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